A transient drainage simulation model, SWAP, was used to evaluate the performance of subsurface drainage system. SWAP model was calibrated by measured daily data including water table depth, drain discharge rate and soil and water drain salinity collected from Behshahr Ran drainage system for 120 days during 1385. Calibration of SWAP model was done by inverse modeling via linking with Win PEST model. In order to calibrate drainage quantity parameters, two objective functions were defined to minimize difference between measured and simulated values of the water table depth and drain discharge rate, simultaneously. To calibrate drainage quality parameters, another objective function was also defined to minimize difference between measured and simulated values of soil salinity. There were good agreements between measured and simulated values of drain discharge rate and water table depth. The absolute error of estimation was 7 and 4% for water table depth and drain discharge rate, respectively. Measured cumulative drainage was 7.5% (5.3 mm) greater than its simulated value. The SWAP model could also simulate soil and drainage water salinity with a reasonable accuracy. The results of this study indicated that the performance of the SWAP model could be considerably improved using inverse modeling.

Introduction: Since flooding causes death and economic damages, then it is important and is one of the most complex and destructive natural disaster that endangers human lives and properties compared to any other natural disasters. This natural disaster almost hit most of countries and each country depending on its policy deals with it differently. Uneven intensity and temporal distribution of rainfall in various parts of Iran (which has arid and semiarid climate) causes flash floods and leads to too much economic damages. Detention basins can be used as one of the measures of flood control and it detains, delays and postpones the flood flow. …

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of topical anti-glaucoma medications on lacrimal drainage system (LDS).Methods: In a prospective controlled blind observational case series, 627 eyes of 384 patients (219 males, 165 females) were studied. Data recording (demographics and history taking), allocation into case (on topical anti-glaucoma medications) and control (no glaucoma) group, and examinations (eye examination and dye disappearance test) were performed by a senior ophthalmology resident. Exclusion criteria were: epiphora prior to onset of treatment with topical anti-glaucoma medication (just for case group), history of long term usage of topical medications (besides anti-glaucoma medications in the case group), previous intraocular surgery, lacrimal surgery, ocular or periocular trauma, radiation therapy, mucous membrane disorder, eyelid margin malposition, and untreated blepharitis. Diagnostic probing and irrigation of lacrimal drainage system were blindly performed by an oculoplastic surgeon.Results: After exclusion, there were 130 eyes from 98 patients and 280 eyes from 178 patients in the case and control group, respectively. Case and control groups were matched. There were significantly more LDS obstruction (LDSO) in the case (26.130, 20%) than control (24.280, 8.57%) group (P=0.002). Upper LDSO was significantly more in the case group (P=0.018). Increasing age was associated with significantly more LDSO in just control group (P=0.029). Significant LDSO was found in the eyes taking Timolol + Dorzolamide (P=0.021) and Timolol + Dorzolamide + Pilocarpine (P=0.017) with duration of 2 weeks to 156 months.Conclusion: Patients on combination of topical anti-glaucoma medications are significantly at risk of developing LDSO. Upper LDSO is significantly more in patients on topical anti-glaucoma drugs.

Parsa, which we call Takht-e-Jamshid and westerns call it Persepolis, is the most important heritage of the Achaemenids. The complex is a series of buildings and palaces dating from 510 to 330 BC. It has emerged as an administrative, governmental and ceremonial complex on a huge man-made rocky platform. One of the basic measures taken to protect buildings on the platform of the Persepolis from the mountain floods and provide drainage for the buildings is the construction of about two kilometers of water canals under the platform. The canals are partly dug into the rock or built over the bed of the platform and run from north to south and west to east to gather the water of 125, 000 square meters of palaces and administrative or service buildings. Sometimes these canals are up to 6 meters deep and are generally not less than one meter wide and covered with thick stone slabs. Various archaeologists, such as Schmidt (1939), Tajvidi (1355 solar), Askari (1383-85, solar) Asadi (1395 solar), and scholars such as Hakim, Reza, and Zare have studied the water canals of Persepolis. However, a study of architecture, construction and spatial features of canals is still necessary. This study, has monograph research method which starts from review of first-hand library resources specifically archeological reports and continues with field surveys. It first attempts to integrate the complex network architecture of the canals in interaction with terrain topography, heights of platforms, and 12 monuments over the ground. It identifies the function of each canal in relation to roof surfaces, walls and open courtyards. The research has classified the canals based on their different characteristics. Functional canals were first divided into four categories: 1. vertical drainage transfer 2. Over ground water transfer 3. Secondary and short waterways 4. Main waterways. They were then divided into three categories based on their form: 1. Open canals that starts through the Gate of Nation 2. Covered canals with or without ventilating holes. The final categorization was carried out according to the method of stonework of the canals, which is the unified stone with smooth carving or coarse carving. It seems that the smooth carvings belong to the first period of construction in Persepolis in the time of Darius, 515 to 490 BC under Apanada Palace. Some of the canals were created not by digging directly the rocky mountain but by arranging rocks on top of each other. Morphological study of the canals shows that there are two important east-west canals which pass through Apadana palace and residential palaces, reaching to a north-south canal adjacent to the mountain at the east of Persepolis platform. The height difference of the longest canal is-7 meters. The average slope is 2% but some have more than 30 %slope to be able to provide the desired depth and homogeneous system of water flow. As a conclusion, after examining the gradual process of formation of Persepolis, archaeological hypotheses suggested by Hertzfeld and Schmidt on the impact of canals on unified planning of Persepolis from the beginning of construction are discussed.

In arid and semiarid regions, controlled drainage is the next logical step towards improving water management in irrigated agriculture and reducing the environmental impacts of subsurface drainage flow.Controlled drainage has been practiced in humid areas for a long time. In this research a controlled drainage system in Khuzestan Province, Southwest Iran was tested as a strategy for continuous water table management with the benefits of optimizing water use and reducing unnecessary drainage and nitrogen losses from agricultural fields. To study the feasibility and performance of water table management, Field experiments were carried out on a 63.41 ha with 3 treatments on the farms under subsurface drainage of Imam Khomeini's sugarcane agro-industry.3 treatments compared consisted of a free drainage treatment (FD) and tow controlled drainage treatment with water table controls set at 90 centimeter (CD90) and 70 centimeter (CD70) below the soil surface. Collected data during a sugarcane growing season included water table depth, drained volume, nitratenitrogen and ammonium-nitrogen concentration in the drainage water and groundwater. Controlled drainage had a significant hydrological and environmental effect during studding period. Compared with CD, the total drain outflow from CD70 and CD90 area were 62.48 and 48.98% less, respectively. Compared with CD, the total amounts of nitrate-nitrogen and ammonium-nitrogen in drain outflow were about 45 to 60 % and 50 to 65 % less, respectively. Nitrate-nitrogen and ammonium-nitrogen concentration in the both of drainage water and groundwater did not differ significantly in all of the treatment. These data suggest that controlled drainage can be applied at big scale in the Khuzestan Province with the most installed subsurface drainage in Iran, with advantages for water conservation and environment.

Drainage conditions of base and sub-base layers are one of the key factors that affect serviceability of asphalt pavement of the roads. The non-destructive testing method of ground penetrating radar (GPR) has been considered as an applicable method in this respect. In this paper, the relationship between obtained data from recorded images by GPR machine and moisture content of asphalt pavement system was investigated. Eighteen cylindrical samples with 80 cm diameter and height were constructed from asphalt, base, sub-base, compacted medium and natural medium in three different moisture percentages, and then were compacted. Then, a GPR machine, with 250 MHz antenna, was conducted over samples for profiling survey and the obtained radar images were analyzed statistically using Labview software. Comparison of the statisticall parameters obtained from the images showed that distribution of kurtosis is similar to a normal distribution and has logical and interpretable variation-trend with moisture percentage. Therefore, by using a linear curve, fitted between kurtosis and moisture content, an equation was extracted which could help to estimate nearly accurate the moisture content of pavement layers, based on the output of GPR test.

This study examined the feasibility of using zeolite clinoptilolite to filter nitrate, phosphate pollutants and salt from the agricultural drainage water. To that end, significant pollutant absorption parameters, such as adsorbent particle size, pollutant concentration, salinity, temperature, retention time, pH, and adsorbent concentration were optimized in the batch condition. Having optimized the parameters, the researchers conducted adsorption experiments on an experimental model, similar to the subsurface drainage systems applied in farms. Adsorption experiments were carried out at the optimized parameter levels on four models, namely a reference model (D0), a model with adsorbents around the drains (D1), a model with adsorbents around the plant roots (D2), and a model with adsorbents on the soil surface (D3). These models were fed with untreated drainage water from the farms in the south of Khuzestan during the fertilization season. The results showed 63 percent nitrate removal efficiency, 39 percent phosphate removal efficiency and 79 percent salt removal efficiency by using 30 g.L-1 of 1000 µm adsorbent particles for a pH of 5, initial pollutant concentration of 80 mg.L-1 nitrate and 10 mg.L-1 phosphate in 12 dS/m salinity during a 90-minute retention time period at 50 °C ambient temperature. These parameter levels led to nitrate, phosphate, and salt removal efficiencies of 59.72 percent, 29.28 percent, and 77.47 percent respectively, in the model with clinoptilolite adsorbents around the drains (D1).

The purpose of this research was an evaluation of the performance of subsurface drainage system in date palm gardens of Abadan. Four cases of drain envelopes including local gravel, standard gravel, and synthetic envelopes (polypropylene 700 and polypropylene 450) were employed and a comparison with the traditional drainage (tide) made. To achieve the purpose, 16 laterals (subsurface drains) installed in a 12 hectare area of date palm gardens in Irrigation and Drainage Project of Abadan Subsurface Drainage system were employed. Four laterals each equipped with one of the four different envelopes were constructed. In order to determine and evaluate hydraulic resistance, water table curves along with other parameters, a number of pizometers were either made connected to the drains or installed in between them at the distances of 0.25L, 0.5L and 0.75L (L is length of lateral). Parameters evaluated were: I. Performance of subsurface drainage system for controlling water table and salt soil profile, 2. Design parameters of subsurface drainage system. Methods that present a better performance of controlling water table and salt soil profile in comparison with the traditional drainage (tide), were finally determined. With regard to all the results obtained and according to importance, the fallowing two acceptable methods are proposed: construction of subsurface drainage system using synthetic envelope polypropylene 450; construction of subsurface drainage system using standard gravel envelope.

The article describes the assessment of the predicted water flows at the site of the projected rock dumps, which was carried out using geofiltration modeling. When developing the model, we used actual data on capacities, filtration coefficients and water capacity, roof and sole marks of the selected aquifers, precipitation infiltration, as well as the projected dumps are located on the slope surface. We schematized hydrogeological filtration conditions in relation to existing natural conditions, taking into account the planned construction and operation of dumps, and also determined the maximum water inflow of underground and surface water into the drainage system. Based on the obtained data, the most effective version of the drainage system for the removal of underground and surface water from the territory of dumps has been developed, which will allow to perform the maximum possible interception of the flow of underground water and flood water, to form depression surfaces in the near-slope mass of the body of dumps, to prevent filtration deformations of the ledges and to ensure the normative bearing capacity of rocks. The provided drainage devices will ensure the overall stability of the ledges of the dumps, both during their long standing and during their constant formation.